What routes does the VND virus mainly transmit through?

The VND virus primarily transmits through various routes, with contact with infected animals, inhalation, ingestion, as well as fomites and direct contact all contributing to its spread.

In terms of transmission:

• Contact with infected animals is a significant route, as the virus can be present in the bodily fluids and excretions of infected birds, particularly in species like poultry.

• Inhalation and ingestion are also important routes because the virus can be aerosolized or present in contaminated food or water, making inhalation or ingestion possible ways for the virus to enter a new host.

• Fomites, which are inanimate objects or surfaces that can carry the virus, alongside direct contact with an infected bird or contaminated environment, further complicate the transmission dynamics.

Thus, all of these methods play a role in the transmission of the VND virus, indicating that the most comprehensive answer reflects the inclusive nature of these transmission routes. This holistic understanding is crucial for effective disease control and prevention strategies in veterinary and public health contexts.